ABSTRACT
Background & Objective: The recommended treatment for beta thalassemia major involves regular blood transfusions, whichstimulate the patient’s immune system and results in the formation of antierytrocyte antibodies usually IgG class. They can result in clinical hemolysis and complication of blood cross matching. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of RBC alloantibodies, the type of these antibodies, factors influencing on alloimmunization among multiple- transfused thalassemia major patients. Methodology: ABO blood grouping,Rh (D) typesand Phenotyping done by the electromagnetic technology using Qwalys 3 Diagast. Antibody screening was done by using 3-cell panel followed by11- cell panel of Biorad Corporation. Results: 10 patients developed alloantibodies against RBC Antigen. Among total alloimmunizedpatients, 7.35%were female and 4.27% were male. Majority of alloantibodies were directed against antigen in the Rh and Kell system. i. e. Anti c, Anti E and Anti K. Frequency of Alloantibody positivism is maximum in AB positive patients. From extended Antigen typing of voluntary donors, we can see the frequency of D, C and e Antigens are more than frequency of c, E and K Antigens. Conclusion: Frequency of red cell alloimmunizationwas 5.40% in this study. Alloantibodies found were mainly against Rh blood group systemand Kell system. Red cell alloantibody formation was not influenced by age at first transfusion, number of blood transfusion, splenectomy and leuckodepleted blood transfusion. In our study alloimmunized patients did not revealed any evidence of haemolytic transfusion reaction. The frequency of Antibody positivity depends on immunogenicity of Antigen. Females and group AB patients are showing more frequency of alloimmunization. Routine pretransfusion matching of blood, other than ABO and RhD antigen is not recommended because of low rate of red cell alloimmunization and high cost associated with such testing.
ABSTRACT
Background & Objective: The high prevalence of HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis has heightened the problems of blood safety in India. TTIs cause fatal, chronic and life-threatening disorders because of their prolonged viraemia and carrier or latent state. Serologic tests utilized routinely in the screening of blood donors, totally not guarantee the absence of these infections among blood donors. Methodology: Samples of HIV, HBsAg, HCV were tested by ELISA and samples of syphilis were tested by RPR method following manufacturer’s instructions. Results: Prevalence of HBV was highest within at the age groups 26-35 years, HCV within the age group between 36-45years, syphilis within the age group between 46-55 years and HIV between 26-35 years. The prevalence of hepatitis B and syphilis was higher among males as compared to females, while for hepatitis C and HIV, it was higher among females as compared to males. Conclusion: Availability of safe blood for transfusion can be achieved by vigorous screening of donors and donated blood. Screening of blood is now mandatory for many diseases and is undertaken routinely in blood banks. The prevalence of TTIs among the Indian blood donors is reported to be ranging as follows; HBV – 0.66% to 12%, HCV – 0.5% to 1.5%, HIV– 0.084% to 3.87%, and syphilis – 0.85% to 3% respectively. Hence strict selection of blood donors with stringent screening and safe methods of detection can minimise risk if TTI.
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to assess the usefulness of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) as a diagnostic method in lung tumour as well as to determine the incidence of lung cancer in various age and sex group and in relation with smoking. Hundred cases of lung tumours were investigated. Out of 100 patients, 88 were male and 12 were female. The age of patients varies from 23-78 years most of the patient were in the age group of 50-70 years. The most common tumour was squamous cell carcinoma (45%) followed by adenocarcinoma (22%), small cell carcinoma (16%) and large cell carcinoma (8%). Eighty out of 100 patient had history of smoking. Diagnostic accuracy of cytology with final histopathological report was established with accuracy rate of 95%.